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A refugee camp is a temporary settlement built to receive refugees. Camps with over a hundred thousand people are common, but as of 2012 the average-sized camp housed around 11,400.〔(UNHCR: "Displacement: The New 21st Century Challenge," 2012; ) p. 35.〕 Usually they are built and run by a government, the United Nations, or international organizations, (such as the Red Cross) or NGOs. But there are also unofficial refugee camps, like the Calais jungle, where refugees are largely left without support of governments or international organisations.〔http://www.theguardian.com/media/ng-interactive/2015/aug/10/migrant-life-in-calais-jungle-refugee-camp-a-photo-essay〕 Refugee camps generally develop in an impromptu fashion with the aim of meeting basic human needs for only a short time. Due to crowding and lack of infrastructure, some refugee camps can become unhygienic, leading to a high incidence of infectious diseases, including epidemics. If the return of refugees is prevented (often by civil war), a humanitarian crisis can result or continue. "Refugee camp" typically describes a settlement of people who have escaped war in their home country and have fled to a country of first asylum, but some camps also house environmental migrants and economic refugees. Some refugee camps exist for decades and people can stay in refugee camps for decades, both of which have major implications for human rights.〔Daniel, E.V., and Knudsen, J. eds. ''Mistrusting Refugees'' 1995, University of California Press. ISBN 9780520088993〕 Some camps grow into permanent settlements and even merge with nearby older communities, such as Ain al-Hilweh, Lebanon and Deir al-Balah, Palestine. Refugee camps may sometimes serve as headquarters for the recruitment, support and training of guerilla organizations engaged in fighting in the refugees' area of origin; such organizations often use humanitarian aid to supply their troops.〔Barber, Ben. "Feeding refugees, or war? The dilemma of humanitarian aid." ''Foreign Affairs'' (1997): 8-14.〕 Rwandan refugee camps in Zaire〔Van Der Meeren, Rachel. "Three decades in exile: Rwandan refugees 1960-1990." ''J. Refugee Stud.'' 9 (1996): 252.〕 and Cambodian refugee camps in Thailand〔 Reynell, J. ''Political Pawns: Refugees on the Thai-Kampuchean Border.'' Oxford: Refugee Studies Programme, 1989. 〕 supported armed groups until their destruction by local military forces. ==Facilities== Facilities of a refugee camp can include the following:〔(Médecins Sans Frontières, ''Refugee Health: An approach to emergency situations,'' Macmillan, Oxford: 1997. )〕 *An administrative headquarters to coordinate services *Sleeping accommodations (frequently tents) *Hygiene facilities (washing areas and latrines or toilets) *Clinics, hospitals and immunization centers *Food distribution and therapeutic feeding centers *Communication equipment (e.g. radio) *Security, including protection from banditry (e.g. barriers and security checkpoints) and peacekeeping troops to prevent armed violence *Places of worship *Schools and training centers (if permitted by the host country) *Markets and shops (if permitted by the host country) Schools and markets may be prohibited by the host country government in order to discourage refugees from settling permanently in camps. Many refugee camps also have: *Places for refugees to collect water, usually from tanks where water is off-loaded from trucks, then filtered and/or treated with disinfectant chemicals such as chlorine *Bathing areas, often separated by gender *Cemeteries or crematoria *Locations for solid waste disposal. In order to understand and monitor an emergency over a period of time, the development and organisation of the camps can be tracked by satellite〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Syrian refugee camps in Turkish territory )〕 and analyzed via GIS.〔(Beaudou A., Cambrézy L., Zaiss R., "Geographical Information system, environment and camp planning in refugee hosting areas: Approach, methods and application in Uganda," Institute for Research in Development (IRD); November 2003. )〕〔(Alain Beaudou, Luc Cambrézy, Marc Souris, "Environment, cartography, demography and geographical information system in the refugee camps Dadaab, Kakuma – Kenya," October 1999 UNHCR – IRD (ORSTOM). )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Refugee camp」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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